Skip to main content
May 30, 2003 Update
Scientists in Japan and Scotland have located what they think is the master gene for all stem cells Go to article. They are calling it Nanog, a term borrowed from Celtic mythology. They don't know how it works or even how to turn it on but without it stem cells do not appear to be possible.

The Washington Post article says that, "In nanog’s case, the resulting pattern of gene activity is typically seen in human cells only around the fourth or fifth day of embryo development — when, from a cell’s point of view, everything is possible but nothing has been decided." I think that everything is decided and the only reason it appears otherwise is because of the ability of these early embryonic cells to reprogram themselves according to who their neighbors are.

How can the Nanog gene be used in cancer therapy? In an adult with cancer, we turn on the Nanog gene in one cell, culture the cell, and implant the resulting embryo or its protein products into the patient; thereby providing the recognition factors that the cancer cells are trying to find (possibly R factors from a different cell line).

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

This article was recently published in PLOS. This is a great scientific publishing medium that doesn't charge anyone a cent to read their stuff, unlike Science and Nature and the others that hoard their publications at the expense of humanity. Anyway, the article points out that a boy being treated with stem cells for a rare genetic condition developed tumors of the brain and spinal cord. These results should come as no surprise for readers of this blog. The cells injected into the nerve tissues were allografts--they were obtained from a source other than the patients own tissues. These clearly will not be at home in another person's body and they will begin to express embryonic Cell Recognition Factors in the hope that they could establish communication. As we have learned here, a cell must know exactly where it is. Such communication must exist. If it does not, it would mean that A) any manner of invader could easily make its home in another multicellular organism, or B) any...

What about the unattached cell?

While this procedure is not what I had in mind when I spoke of being able to reprogram the cancer cell, I'm nevertheless glad that reprogramming was found to be possible for the unattached cancer cell. The unattached immune cell is needed everywhere in the body and it would make sense for a cancer derived from an immune cell to differentiate into other immune cells as needed. This is what was found by the Stanford researchers--reprogramming of leukemia cells into normal granulocytes and macrophages via supplied ligands or transcription factors. The initial observation from Stanford came about as a result of a shotgun approach. This approach should also be used for the solid tumor and if their cocktail doesn't do it, I would consider extracting Embryonic Cell Surface molecules from various developmental time points. Finding the right CRF for the differentiation of  solid tumors is right around the corner. My next post will be one showing what the CRF theory helps explain wh...

Mutations

This post is based on speculation. It is an attempt at explaining the prevalence of mutations in cancer and their role in perpetuating the cancerous state. The transcriptome of a cell may be classified into two sets: embryonic and adult. There are, of course, conserved elements that form a union of these sets but we are more interested in the embryonic transcriptome exclusive of the union. We now consider the two Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) mechanisms that have been studied to date: Global Genomic Repair (GGR) and transcription-coupled repair (TCR). Atanassov, et.al. A mutation can take place at or near an adult transcriptome and it is usually repaired by TCR. However, if a mutation takes place at an embryonic transcriptome during the adult stage , TCR can not repair it and, because it is in the adult, GGR may not be able to effect repairs. According to Lans et.al., "Intriguingly, in juvenile and adult animals TCR is the major NER pathway involved in the UV response. Analysi...